Toward Human-Level Cognitive Adequacy
Our long-range aim is to design and implement common sense in a computer. Click here for details.

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If you would like to learn more about Active Logic, we suggest you start with one of our primers.

Forthcoming

• Content and action: The guidance theory of representation. Gregg Rosenberg and Michael L. Anderson. . submitted.
• Cognitive science and epistemic openness. Michael L. Anderson. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. forthcoming.
• How to study the mind: {A}n introduction to embodied cognition. Brain Development in Learning Environments: {E}mbodied and Perceptual Advancements. Michael L. Anderson. F.Santoianni and C. Sabatano. -. forthcoming. Cambridge University Press.
• Theory and application of self-reference: logic and beyond. Don Perlis. CSLI. To appear as chapter.

2006

• ReGiKAT: (Meta-)Reason-Guided Knowledge Acquisition and Transfer --or Why Deep Blue can't play checkers, and why today's smart systems aren't smart.. Mike Anderson and Tim Oates and Don Perlis. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, Paris. 2006.
• The metacognitive loop I: Enhancing reinforcement learning with metacognitive monitoring and control for improved perturbation tolerance. Michael L. Anderson and Tim Oates and Waiyian Chong and Don Perlis. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 2006. 18. 3. 387-411.

2005

• A Unified Theory of Acting and Agency for a Universal Interfacing Agent. Darsana P. Josyula. Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland. 2005. College Park.
• Metacognition for Dropping and Reconsidering IntentionsDarsana P. Josyula and Michael L. Anderson and Don Perlis. Papers from the 2005 AAAI Spring Symposium on Metacognition in Computation. 62-67. 2005.
• Designing a Universal Interfacing AgentDarsana P. Josyula and Michael L. Anderson and Don Perlis. Proceedings of the Second Language and Technology Conference (L\&TC-05). 377-381. 2005.
• Logic, self-awareness and self-improvement: {T}he metacognitive loop and the problem of brittleness. Michael L. Anderson and Donald R. Perlis. Journal of Logic and Computation. . 15. 1. 2005.
• The roots of self-awareness. Michael L. Anderson and Don Perlis. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. . 4. 3. 2005.
• Metalanguage for dialog management. Michael L. Anderson and Bryant Lee. 16th Annual Winter Conference on Discourse, Text and Cognition. 2005.
• Representation, evolution and embodiment. Evolutionary Biology and the Central Problems of Cognitive Science. Michael L. Anderson. David Smith. . 2005. Special Issue of Theoria et Historia Scientarum.
• On the reasoning of real-word agents: {T}oward a semantics for active logic. Michael L. Anderson and Walid Gomaa and John Grant and Don Perlis. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Symposium on the Logical Formalization of Commonsense Reasoning, Dresden University Technical Report (ISSN 1430-211X). 2005.
• A Logic-Based Model of Intention Formation and Action for Multi-Agent Subcontracting. John Grant and Sarit Kraus and Don Perlis. AIJ. 2005. 163. 163-201.

2004

• Active Logic for more effective human-computer interaction and other commonsense a\ pplications. Michael L. Anderson and Darsana Josyula and Don Perlis and Khemdut Purang. Proceedings of the Workshop for Empirically Successful First-Order Reasoning, Inte\ rnational Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning. 2004. .
• Specification of a test environment and performance measures for perturbation-tolerant cognitive agents. Michael L. Anderson. Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Intelligent Agent Architectures. 2004.
• Domain-{I}ndependent {R}eason-{E}nhanced {C}ontroller for {T}ask-{OR}iented systems - {DIRECTOR}. Darsana P. Josyula and Michael L. Anderson and Don Perlis. Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-04). . 2004.
• A brief introduction to the guidance theory of representation. Gregg Rosenberg and Michael L. Anderson. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. 2004. .
• Specification of a test environment and performance measures for perturbation-tolerant cognitive agents. Michael L. Anderson. Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Intelligent Agent Architectures. 2004.
• Empirical results for the use of meta-language in dialog management. Michael L. Anderson and Bryant Lee. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. 2004.
• On the frequency and types of meta-language in conversation: a preliminary report. Michael L. Anderson and Andrew Fister and Bryant Lee and Danny Wang. 14th Annual Conference of the Society for Text and Discourse. 2004.

2003

• {RGL} study in a hybrid real-time system. Ken Hennacy and Nikhil Swamy and Don Perlis. Proceedings of IASTED NCI 2003, Cancun, Mexico. 2003.
• How bodies matter to minds. Michael L. Anderson. Invited talk UMBC. 2003.
• Towards domain-independent, task-oriented, conversational adequacy. Darsana Josyula and Michael L. Anderson and Don Perlis. Proceedings of the Eighteenth international Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-03). 1637-8. 2003. .
• What mindedness is. Michael L. Anderson. Brain Power: Intelligence, Emotion, Cultural Fantasy Conference. 2003. Kansas State University.
• Talking to Computers. Michael L. Anderson and Darsana Josyula and Don Perlis. Proceedings of the Workshop on Mixed Initiative Intelligent Systems, IJCAI-03. 2003. .
• Evans' {V}arieties of {R}eference and the anchoring problem. Michael L. Anderson. Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 189--92. 43. 1-2. 2003.
• Embodied Cognition: A Field Guide. Michael L. Anderson. Artificial Intelligence. 91--130. 149. 1. 2003.
• Representations, Symbols and Embodiment. Michael L. Anderson. Artificial Intelligence. 151--6. 149. 1. 2003.
• Pre-lingusitic agents will form only ego-centric predicates. Michael L. Anderson and Tim Oates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 284-5. 26. 3. 2003.

2002

• Seven Days in the Life of a Robotic Agent. Waiyian Chong and Michael O'Donovan-Anderson and Yoshi Okamoto and Don Perlis. Proceedings, GSFC/JPL Workshop on Radical Agent Concepts. 2002. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
• Metareasoning for Conversational Adequacy. Michael L. Anderson. Invited talk DFKI. 2002.
• Understanding Bodily Knowledge. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. Tucson 2002: Towards a Science of Consciousness. 2002.
• Time-situated Agency: {A}ctive {L}ogic and intention formation. Michael L. Anderson and Darsana Josyula and Yoshi Okamoto and Don Perlis. Workshop on Cognitive Agents, $25^{th}$ German Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2002. .
• The Use-Mention Distinction and its importance to {H}{C}{I}. Michael L. Anderson and Yoshi Okamoto and Darsana Josyula and Don Perlis. Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialog. 2002. .
• Symbol Systems. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Michael L. Anderson and Donald R. Perlis. L. Nadel and D. Chalmers and P. Culicover and B. French and R. Goldstone. . 2002. Macmillan Publishers, London.
• ALII: An information integration environment based on the active logic framework. A. A. Barfourosh and H.R Motharynezhad and M. O'Donovan-Anderson and D. Perlis. Third International Conference on Management Information Systems. 2002. .

2001

• Handling Uncertainty with Active Logic. Manjit Bhatia and Paul Chi and Waiyian Chong and Darsana P. Josyula and Michael O'Donovan-Anderson and Yoshi Okamoto and Don Perlis and K. Purang. Proceedings, AAAI Fall Symposium on Uncertainty in Computation. . 2001.

2000

• The role(s) of belief in {A}{I}D. Perlis. Logic-based {A}{I}. 2000. 14. J. Minker.
• What does it take to refer?. Don Perlis. Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2000.
• Merleau-{P}onty and the fourth dogma of empiricism. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. APA Eastern Division, Society for Realist/Anti-Realist Discussion. 2000.
• Review of {P}hilosophy in the {F}lesh. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. Review of Metaphysics. . June. . 2000.

1999

• Mixed Initiative Dialogue and Intelligence via Active Logic,. C. Andersen and D. Traum and K. Purang and D. Purushothaman and D. Perlis. 1999. Proceedings of the AAAI'99 Workshop on Mixed-Initiative Intelligence.
• Modeling time and meta-reasoning in dialogue via active logic. D. Perlis and K. Purang and D. Purushothaman and C. Andersen and D. Traum. 1999. Working notes of AAAI Fall Symposium on Psychological Models of Communication.
• Practical Reasoning and Plan Execution with Active Logic. K. Purang and D. Purushothaman and D. Traum and C. Andersen and D. Traum and D. Perlis. 1999. Proceedings of the IJCAI'99 Workshop on Practical Reasoning and Rationality.
• Active Logics: A Unified Formal Approach to Episodic Reasoning.. J. Elgot-Drapkin and S. Kraus and M. Miller and M. Nirkhe and D. Perlis. University of Maryland. 1999. CS-TR-3680 and UMIACS-TR-99-65.
• Representations of Dialogue State for Domain and Task Independent Meta-dialogue. David R. Traum and Carl F. Andersen and Waiyian Chong and Darsana Josyula and Yoshi Okamoto and Khemdut Purang and Michael O'Donovan-Anderson and Don Perlis. Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence. 1999. 3. 125-152.
• Review of {S}ocratic {P}uzzles by {R}obert {N}ozick. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. Review of Metaphysics. . June. . 1999.

1998

• Conversational Adequacy: Mistakes are the essense. D. Perlis and K. Purang and C. Andersen. International Journal of Human Computer Studies. 1998.

1997

• Toward automated expert reasoning and expert-novice communicationM. Miller and D. Perlis. Expertise in Context: Human and Machine. K. Ford and P. Feltovitch and R. Hoffman. MIT Press. 1997.
• How to (plan to) meet a deadline between {\em now} and {\em then}M. Nirkhe and S. Kraus and M. Miller and D. Perlis. Journal of Logic and Computation. 1997. 7. 1. 109--156.
• Sources of, and Exploiting, Inconsistency: Preliminary ReportD. Perlis. Journal of APPLIED NON-CLASSICAL LOGICS. 1997. 7.
• How to plan to meet a deadline between now and then. M. Nirkhe and M. Miller and S. Kraus and D. Perlis. Journal of Logic and Computation. 1997.
• Interpreting Presuppositions Using Active Logic: From Contexts to Utterances. J. Gurney and D. Perlis and K. Purang. Computational Intelligence. 1997.
• Consciousness as Self-function. Don Perlis. Journal of Consciousness Studies. 1997.
• Content and Comportment: On Embodiment and the Epistemic Availability of the World. Lanham, MD. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. Rowman and Littlefield. 1997.

1996

• Active Logic Applied to Cancellation of {G}ricean Implicature. D. Perlis and J. Gurney and K. Purang. 1996. AAAI. Working notes, AAAI 96 Spring Symposium on Computational Implicature.
• Nine sources of inconsistency in commonsense reasoningDonald Perlis. 1996 Workshop on Commonsense Reasoning. Stanford. 1996.
• Sources of, and exploiting, inconsistency: preliminary reportDonald Perlis. 1996 Workshop on Commonsense Reasoning. Stanford. Also to appear in Journal of APPLIED NON-CLASSICAL LOGICS 7:1 + 7:2 (1997). 1996.
• Active Logic Applied to Cancellation of Gricean Implicature. D. Perlis and J. Gurney and K. Purang. 1996. AAAI 96 Spring Symposium on Computational Implicature.
• Updating Discourse Context with Active Logic. J. Gurney and D. Perlis and K. Purang. University of Maryland. 1996. CS-TR-3681.
• Conversational Adequacy: Mistakes are the Essense. D. Perlis and K. Purang. 1996. AAAI 96 Workshop on Detecting, Repairing, and Preventing Human-Machine Miscommunication.
• Defaults Denied. M. Miller and D. Perlis and K. Purang. University of Maryland. 1996. CS-TR-3680.
• Sources of, and exploiting, inconsistency: preliminary report. D. Perlis. University of Maryland College Park. 1996. ---.
• Wittgenstein and Rousseau on the Context of Justification. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. Philosophy and Social Criticism. 75--92. 22. 3. 1996.
• The Incorporated Self: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Embodiment. Lanham, MD. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. Rowman and Littlefield. 1996.

1995

• Automated inference in active logicsM. Miller and D. Perlis. Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics. to appear. 1995.
• Thinking takes time: A modal active-logic for reasoning {\sl in} timeM. Nirkhe and S. Kraus and D. Perlis. 1995. Proceedings of BISFAI-95. Israel.
• Active Logic and {H}eim's Rule for Updating Discourse Context. J. Gurney and D. Perlis and K. Purang. 1995. IJCAI 95 Workshop on Context in Natural Language.
• Review of {G}od and the {N}atural {W}orld: {R}eligion and {S}cience in {A}ntebellum {A}merica by {W}alter {H}. {C}onser, {J}r.. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. The Journal of the History of Medicine. . June. . 1995.

1994

• Logic for a LifetimePerlis, D.. University of Maryland. CS-TR-3278. 1994.
• An Error-Theory of Consciousness. D. Perlis. University of Maryland. 1994. CS-TR-3324.
• Calibrating, Counting, Grounding, Grouping. J. Elgot-Drapkin and D. Gordon and S. Kraus and M. Miller and M. Nirkhe and D. Perlis. University of Maryland. 1994. CS-TR-3279.
• Thinking takes time: A modal active-logic for reasoning {sl in} time. M. Nirkhe and S. Kraus and D. Perlis. University of Maryland. 1994. CS-TR-3249, UMIACS-TR-94-63.
• Consciousness and complexity: the cognitive quest. D. Perlis. University of Maryland. 1994. CS-TR-3232. March.
• Logic for a lifetime. Donald Perlis. University of Maryland. CS-TR-3278 and UMIACS-TR-94-62. 1994.
• Putting One's Foot in One's Head -- Part {I}{I}: How. D. Perlis. From Thinking Machines to Virtual Persons: Essays on the intentionality of computers. Eric Dietrich. Academic Press. 1994.
• Review of {G}enius and {T}alent by {D}avid {A}. {W}einer. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. The Philosopher. . April. . 1994.

1993

• Competitive Learning and Competitive Activation in Cortical Map FormationFrank McFadden. 1993. College Park, Maryland. University of Maryland. (Directed by H.~Szu and D.~Perlis.).
• Situated Reasoning Within Tight Deadlines and Realistic Space and Computation BoundsM. Nirkhe, S. Kraus and D. Perlis. Common Sense 93. 1993. Austin, Texas.
• Vacuum Logic. J. Elgot-Drapkin and S. Kraus and M. Miller and M. Nirkhe and D. Perlis . Notes of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Instantiating Real-World Agents. 1993.
• Presentations and this and that: logic in action. M. Miller and D. Perlis. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Boulder, Colorado. 1993.
• What experts deny, novices must understand. M. Miller and D. Perlis . 3rd International Workshop on Human and Machine Cognition. Seaside, Florida. 1993.
• Situated Reasoning Within Tight Deadlines and Realistic Space and Computation Bounds. M. Nirkhe, S. Kraus and D. Perlis. Common Sense 93. Austin, Texas. 1993.
• Reasoning About Change in a Changing World. M. Nirkhe and D. Perlis and S. Kraus. Proceedings of FLAIRS-93. 1993.
• Review of {W}ittgenstein on {W}ords as {I}nstruments by {J}.{F}.{M}. {H}unter. Michael O'Donovan-Anderson. The Philosopher. . April. . 1993.

1991

• Typicality Constants and Range Defaults: Some Pros and Cons of a Cognitive Model of Default ReasoningMiller, M. and Perlis, D.. Proceedings of the 1991 SIGART International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems. 1991 .
• Putting One's Foot in One's Head---Part {I}: Why. D. Perlis. No\^{u}s. 1991. 25. 435--455. Special issue on {A}rtificial {I}ntelligence and {C}ognitive {S}cience.
• Memory, reason, and time: the step-logic approach. Philosophy and AI: Essays at the Interface. J. Elgot-Drapkin and M. Miller and D. Perlis. R. Cummins and J. Pollock. 1991. MIT Press.
• Nonmonotonicity and the scope of reasoning. Etherington, D. and Kraus, S. and Perlis, D.. Artificial Intelligence. 52. 221--261. 1991.
• Reasoning about Ignorance: A Note on the Bush-Gorbachev Problem. S. Kraus and D. Perlis and J. Horty. Fundamenta Informaticae Journal. special issue on Logic for A.I.. 15(3,4). 325-332. 1991.
• Fully Deadline-Coupled Planning: One Step at a time. M. Nirkhe and S. Kraus and D. Perlis. 1991. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems. Charlotte, NC.
• Stop the World! -- {I} Want to Think!. Perlis, D. and Elgot-Drapkin, J. and Miller, M.. International J. of Intelligent Systems. 6. 443-456. Special issue on temporal reasoning. 1991.

1990

• Planning and acting in deadline situationsKraus, S. and Nirkhe, M. and Perlis, D.. 1990 . Presented at the AAAI-90 Workshop on Planning in Complex Domains.
• Reasoning Situated in Time {I}: Basic ConceptsJ. Elgot-Drapkin and D. Perlis. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 1990. 2. 1. 75--98.
• Limited Scope and Circumscriptive ReasoningEtherington,D. and Kraus, S. and Perlis, D.. Advances in Human and Machine Cognition, {\rm Volume 1}, The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence. JAI Press. 1990. To appear.
• Nonmonotonicity and the Scope of Reasoning: Preliminary ReportEtherington, D. and Kraus, S. and Perlis, D.. Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI. 1990. Boston, MA. 600--607.
• Fully Deadline-Coupled Real-time PlanningS. Kraus and M. Nirkhe and P. Perlis. 1990. To appear in the proceedings of 1990 DARPA workshopon Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling and Control.
• Intentionality and defaults. D. Perlis. International J. of Expert Systems. 345--354. 3. 1990. Special issue on the Frame Problem, K. Ford and P. Hayes (eds). Reprinted as a chapter in {\sl Advances in Human and Machine Cognition, vol.~1: the Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence}, K.~Ford and P.~Hayes (eds.), JAI Press, 1991.
• Reasoning Situated in Time {I}: Basic Concepts. J. Elgot-Drapkin and D. Perlis. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. 1990. 2. 1. 75--98.
• Deadline-Coupled Real-time Planning. S. Kraus and M. Nirkhe and D. Perlis. 1990. 100--108. Proceedings of 1990 DARPA workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling and Control. San Diego, CA.
• Planning and Acting in Deadline Situations. S. Kraus and M. Nirkhe and D. Perlis. 1990. Proceedings of AAAI-90 Workshop on Planning in Complex Domains.

1989

• Some Brief Essays on MindPerlis, D.. Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester. 1989 . 302.
• Assessing Others' Knowledge and Ignorance.. Sarit Kraus and Don Perlis. 220 - 225. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems.. 1989.

1988

• Names and Non-monotonicityKraus, S. and Perlis, D.. Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland. 1988 . UMIACS TR-88-84 and CS-TR-2140.
• Uniform accountability for multiple modes of reasoningD. Perlis and L. Kanal. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning. 1988. 2. special issue on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. 233--246.
• Languages with Self Reference {I}{I}: Knowledge, Belief, and Modality. D. Perlis. Artificial Intelligence. 1988. 34. 179--212. Reprinted as a chapter in {\sl Reflexivity: A Source-Book in Self-Reference}, S. J. Bartlett (ed.), North-Holland, 1992.
• Commonsense set theory. D. Perlis. Meta-Level Architectures and Reflection. 1988. P. Maes and D. Nardi. North Holland.
• Autocircumscription. Perlis, D.. Artificial Intelligence. 1988. 36. 223--236.

1987

• Proving Facts about `{I}'Miller, M. and Perlis, D.. Proceedings of the 10th Int'l Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1987 . 499--501.
• Circumscribing with Sets. D. Perlis. Artificial Intelligence. 1987. 31. 201--211.
• How Can a Program Mean?. D. Perlis. Proceedings of the 10th Int'l Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1987. 163--166.
• The Two Frame Problems. J. Elgot-Drapkin and M. Miller and D. Perlis. Proceedings of the 1987 Workshop on The Frame Problem. 1987. F. M. Brown. Morgan Kaufmann. Lawrence, Kansas. 23--28.
• Life on a Desert Island: Ongoing Work on Real-time Reasoning. J. Elgot-Drapkin and M. Miller and D. Perlis. Proceedings of the 1987 Workshop on The Frame Problem. Lawrence, Kansas. 349--357. F. M. Brown. Morgan Kaufmann. 1987.
• Proving self-utterances. Miller, M. and Perlis, D.. Journal of Automated Reasoning. 1987. 3. 329--338.

1986

• Intentionality and internalityPerlis, D. and Hall, R.. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1986 . 9. 1. 151--152.
• A Memory Model for Real-time Commonsense Reasoning. J. Drapkin and M. Miller and D. Perlis. Systems Research Center, University of Maryland. 1986. College Park, Maryland. TR-86-21.
• Analytic completeness in ${S}{L}_0$J. Drapkin and D. Perlis. Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland. 1986. College Park, Maryland. TR-1682.
• A Preliminary Excursion into Step-logics. J. Drapkin and D. Perlis. Proceedings SIGART International Symposium on Methodologies for Intelligent Systems. ACM. 1986. Knoxville, Tennessee. 262--269.
• What is and what isn't. Perlis, D.. 12th Annual Meeting, Society for Philosophy and Psychology. Johns Hopkins University. 1986.
• On the Consistency of Commonsense Reasoning. D. Perlis. Computational Intelligence. 1986. 2. 180--190.
• On Default Handling: Consistency Before and After. J. Drapkin and M. Miller and D. Perlis. Systems Research Center, University of Maryland. 1986. College Park, Maryland. TR-86-20.
• Step-logics: An Alternative Approach to Limited Reasoning. J. Drapkin and D. Perlis. Proceedings of the European Conf. on Artificial Intelligence. 1986. Brighton, England. 160--163.
• Completeness Results for Circumscription. D. Perlis and J. Minker. Artificial Intelligence. 1986. 28. 1. 29--42.

1985

• A Commentary on the Literature of Self-Reference. Perlis, D. and Miller, M.. Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland. 1985 . TR-85-34.
• Real-time default reasoning, relevance, and memory models. J. Drapkin and M. Miller and D. Perlis. Systems Research Center, University of Maryland. 1985. College Park, Maryland. TR-85-35.
• Languages with Self Reference {I}: Foundations. D. Perlis. Artificial Intelligence. 1985. 25. 301--322. Reprinted as a chapter in {\sl Reflexivity: A Source-Book in Self-Reference}, S. J. Bartlett (ed.), North-Holland, 1992.
• Computing Protected Circumscription. J. Minker and D. Perlis. Journal of Logic Programming. 1985. 4. 235--249.

1984

• Applications of protected circumscription. J. Minker and Donald Perlis. Proc. 7th Conf. on Automated Deduction. Springer. 414--425. 1984.
• Non-monotonicity and Real-time Reasoning. D. Perlis. Proceedings of the 1984 Nonmonotonic Reasoning Workshop. AAAI. 1984. OCT. New Paltz, NY.

1981

• Language, Computation, and RealityD. Perlis. 1981 . Rochester, NY. Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester.